Travel to Asia

This article was a part of my project for YourAsianVacations.com

Stream of tourism has huge yet uncapped potential in Asia. The vast landmass has uncomparable variety of geography, cultures and people. As the legend goes, if you know Asia, you know more than half of the world. And it seems that even the whole of life would not be enough to comprehend Asia. The continent has such astounding diversity. It has so much to offer that one just remains with eyes wide open with disbelief. Does any other continent in the world offer such different things?

Asia looks different from every angle. The Indian Subcontinent, South East Asia, Central Region, Korean Peninsula and Middle East, all have their own unique assets for exploration. Whichever geographical region you decide to visit, it would be totally differ from the other in all terms. New secrets would unravel as you travel from one country to the other. Asia has so much that it never ceases to offer something new to the travelers on every visit. You could rest assured of highly rewarding vacation in Asia.

Asia is a melting pot of cultures. It is the land where almost all of world religions came into being. Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Taoism; have their origins in Asia. The continent had something which made it the source of origin for these faiths. All these religions, having different ways of life and worship, co-existed and co-developed for hundreds of years. Large countries like India have multiple cultures co-existing together with harmony. Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Christians, Sikhs; all live together in close neighborhood. As the land of multi-ethnic people, few other continents can compete with Asia.

YourAsianVacations is our effort to assist you in understanding Asia. And we know, whatever we do, it would never be enough. Such is the enormity of the task. But the amount of work would not make us flinch even an iota. We would continue building this site, our organization, our network and keep on bettering our services to assist you in every possible manner to enjoy your Asia vacations.

Introduction to Tourism Marketing

This is a part of my book on Tourism Management written for Neeraj Publishers, New Delhi.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Marketing is an integral part of any substantive tourism enterprise. As the market is expanding and consolidating, the role of marketing as a driving force in a business endeavor is also being recognized. With growing competition, organisations in tourism business have no option but to engage in organised and targeted marketing. A professional approach to marketing always helps, whether it is on the tour operator end or at destinations. Guides, escorts, restaurants, hotels, transporters, shops etc closely compete one another and have to outmarket one another to stay ahead. A proper tourism marketing strategy at national level calls for close cooperation between the government, tourism industry and the local population.

1.2 MARKETING: DEFINITION AND CONCEPTS
Concept of marketing extends broader than just selling or promotion of a product. It is related to an array of things like marketing research, needs assessment of the consumers, product development, pricing and distribution. As per the definition given by Philip Kotler:

“Marketing is the analysis, planning, implementation, and control of carefully formulated programs designed to bring about voluntary exchanges of values with target markets for the purpose of achieving organizational objectives. It relies heavily on designing the organisation’s offering in terms of the target markets’ needs and desires, and on using effective pricing, communication, and distribution to inform, motivate, and service the markets.”

British Institute of Marketing defines it as
“The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.”

1.2.1 Evolution of Marketing
Marketing as a concept has developed in the last 30 years. Development of marketing and modern business practices has three distinct stages: Production Era, Sales Era and Marketing Era. Marketing era arrived when organizations began to produce what they could sell rather than trying to sell what they manufactured. While planning and designing a product, customers’needs, wants, tastes and satisfaction were considered. Growth of competition prompted organisations to develop marketing techniques.

Change in traveling trends also demanded a new approach. The emergence of long haul traveler created the need for marketing research which took into account market trends, consumer behavior and ascertained procedure to make products which satisfied the users of tourism products. Gradual social and economic development resulted in segmentation of mass market into specialized target markets. Tackling these markets demanded new approach which was in tune with new times.

1.2.2 Selling and Marketing
Selling and Marketing are totally different concepts. The major difference is that selling focuses on the needs of the seller while marketing concentrates on the requirements of the buyer. A marketing oriented organisation focuses on customer needs and gains profits through customer satisfaction. Several organizations in tourism sector are product oriented. They emphasise on the available services of products but ignore consumers’ needs or attitudes. A marketing oriented tourist organisation takes a completely different approach. They develop their services around the tourists’ needs.

1.2.3 Business Philosophy
A marketing oriented business philosophy keeps consumer needs at the centre of all activities. An organisation could offer a quality tourism product but if it lacks supporting infrastructure, it would have no takers. A tourist organisation needs to take care of needs like accessibility, accommodation, leisure and entertainment facilities. Tourists have their own needs, preferences and tastes, and these have to be taken into account.

In modern tourism market place, marketing is the ideal approach for organising business. This approach is backed by market research which provides proper understanding of tourism, destination and business structure needed. Product development is based on consumer feedback. Thanks to this approach, a tourism business can satisfy customer needs and success of the products is ensured. This approach also brings for organisation a reputed market standing. However, for proper success, the philosophy has to be ingrained in the minds of the employees of the organisation.

1.3 FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING
Tourism is a service product rather than being a physical thing. Tourism organisations try to sell an experience. A tourism product has certain features:

• Any sample of a tourism product is not possible. Services can be used only at the given time.
• A tourist can only buy the experience. He/she cannot own the product.
• Tourism business is seasonal in nature. It could be off-color during off season.
• Product is amalgamation of several services.
• Several intermediaries are involved in designing and packaging of a tourism product. Efficiency of the product has to ensured at every level.

Tourism market is constantly changing. Specialised tourism has emerged, laying stress on consumer needs. Introduction of consumer protection laws has played a role in changing the scenario of tourism market.

Check Your Progress-1
1. What do you understand by marketing?
Marketing is a managerial process which involves analysis, planning, implementation and control. It is designed to tap markets for the purpose of attaining organisational objectives. It is the approach taken by the management to identify, anticipate and satisfy customer requirements efficiently. Marketing does not take random actions to generate desired responses. Carefully formulated programmes are designed to obtain the objectives.

2. What is the difference between selling and marketing?
Selling is seller oriented while marketing is buyer oriented. Selling revolves around the seller’s need to convert his product into cash. Marketing is the idea of satisfying the needs of the customer by customising the product and ensuring its quality. A market oriented organisation determines the needs of the target market and satisfies them through proper design, quality, pricing and delivery.

3. Discuss the features of tourism marketing.
All tourism products have certain aspects.
• One cannot evaluate or demonstrate tourism products in advance.
• These products cannot be stored. One can just experience them.
• In designing and packaging a tourism product, several intermediaries are involved. Unimpressive performance by even one of these can spoil the whole product.
• Tourism products are seasonal in nature.

Borobudur Temple in Indonesia

This web page was a part of Indonesia project done for YourAsianVacations.com

Borobudur Temple in Indonesia is an eighth century monument, world heritage site and one of the top 50 wonders of the world (according to Hillman Wonders). Its location near Yogyakarta makes it easily accessible. The monument, rediscovered in dilapidated condition, was restored in 1970’s with assistance of the UNESCO. Located atop a hill, Borobudur Temple is neighbored by two volcanoes and rivers. Borobudur travel enables one to see this cultural asset of Indonesia.

Getting to Borobudur
Most visitors go on Borobudur trip on tour bus. Alternatively, you can hire a four-wheeled vehicle or a motorbike. Just ask your hotel management and they will do the arrangement. Getting to Borobudur Temple in Indonesia is easiest from resort of Yogyakarta for it is located just 45 minutes from the city. Best time for reaching Borobudur temple is early morning.

The Structure
Borobudur Temple in Indonesia is a multi-tiered structure. It has a pyramidal base with five concentric square terraces, the trunk of a cone with three ring-like platforms and a great stupa atop. The walls and balustrades are bedecked with fine low reliefs. Circumambulating the circular platforms are a large number of openwork stupas, each having a Buddha idol.

Cosmological Model
The colossal monument represents a Buddhist cosmological model of the universe organized around the axis of mythical Mount Meru. The pilgrims begin their ascent at the eastern gateway. Circumambulating the stupa, they move in a clockwise direction. They move through six square terraces and three circular ones. With every circle they keep on moving up the everyday world and at last achieve the nirvanic state the great stupa.

Borobudur History
Borobudur Temple in Indonesia was built between 760–830 AD, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java. The constructed was completed during the reign of King Samaratungga.

Abandonment and Rediscovery
Borobudur Temple was abandoned somewhere between 928 and 1006 AD and the reasons of its abandonment are unknown. For centuries, it lay hidden volcanic ash and jungle growth. The monument was rediscovered when Java was under British administration from 1811 to 1816. Lieutenant Governor-General Thomas Stamford Raffles is credited with the discovery of Borobudur.

Travelling to Warsaw

This web page was part of a project done for International-Travel-Tours.com

Warsaw, the largest city of Poland and a bustling metropolis, appears to be a concrete jungle in the first impression. However, the real Warsaw is a picturesque old town hosting scores of palaces, churches, and architectural complexes. The city is known to be the lively cultural capital of Poland. Various theaters, cinemas, museums, and art galleries thrive in the city. Warsaw is dotted with luxury hotels, happening clubs and discos, parks, castles and museums.

Points of Interest
7th biggest city in the European Union Warsaw Old Town is included in UNESCO World Heriatge List.

Places of Interest
Warsaw is land of historical monuments, magnificent churches, palaces and architectural complexes. It is not a dull city of concrete builidings. It is a magnificent town with many tourist attractions luring the vistors.

Warswa Old Town
Warsaw old town was ruined completely in the World War II and it is realy diffilcult to believe that whole town was rebuilt in 1950s. City Centre hosts some elegant royal buildings. Royal Castle, King Zygmunt's Column, Square Market, and the Barbican are top attrcations of the Warsaw old town. UNESCO has appreciated the whloe site and listed it as UNESCO world heritage site.

The Royal Castle
Royal Castle in Warsaw was residence of the Polish monarchs. The castle has now been trasformed into museum. The palace was built in 1589-1619 and is located at the Plac Zamkowy, entrance to the old The personal offices of the King, as well as the administrative offices of the Royal Court of Poland were located there until the Partitions of Poland. Between 1926 and World War II the palace was the seat of the Polish president. It is located at the Plac Zamkowy, at the entrance to the Old Town.

The Wilanow Palace
The palace is now a branch of National Museum. Before being destroyed by Hitler, the Nazi ruler, the palace was the residence of King John III. The palace has baroqure interior adorned with period Polish furniture, old clocks, and collection of Polish portraits. Orangerie is the magnificent diplay of artistic handicrafts. The monument is a gem of Polish architecture.

National Museum
Displays in the national museum date from ancient to present day Poland. Formerly known as the museum of fine arts, it was renamed National Museum in 1916. In addition to Polish art the museum diplays a unique colletion of Egyptian art, famous all over Europe.

Palace of Culture and Science
This is the tallest and largest building all over Poland. Formerly known as Joseph Stalin Palace of Culture and Science, the building is now an amazing destination to visit. It houses a concert hall, a cinema, an ice skating rink and a theater.

Frederic Chopin
Chopin was one of the famous personalities from Poland. A museum named Muzeum Fryderyka Chopina, depicts different phases of Chopin's life.

Lazienki Park
The park is located on the royal route connecting the Royal Castle to the Wilanow Pallace. Lazienki Park is the biggest park in Wraswa. Built in 1624, the palace was formerly the residence of King Zygmunt III Vasa. Park center attraction is the picturesque lake where you can enjoy short cruises in the beautiful evenings.

Jewish Ghetto
This is largest Jewish Ghetto in Warsaw. The vast area of the city was formerly once predominantly inhabited by Jewish Poles. The ghetto was built by Nazis during the world war II. The Jewish Historical Institute Gallery is a complete directory to the past Jewish history in Poland. The Ghetto Heroes' Memorial in Warsaw is a worth seeing monument.

St John's Cathedral
It boasts of being the oldest and royal church in Warsaw. The church has been concstructed completely in Mazivian Gothic Style. Built in 15th century the church was upgraded as a cathedral in 1798. St John's cathedral is one of the most coronated buliding all over Poland. The paek is worth place for leisurly stroll.

How To Reach
By Air
Polish Airlines is the national airlines operating in Poland. Warsaw is alo connected by air with all the European destimanations and the Polish cities. Being the capital city most tourists from all over the world land in Warsaw. Warsaw's Frederic Chopin Airport is situated in Okecie, 10 km south west of the city centre. All the international and domestic flights operate from here. There is a domestic airport near the international terminal. All major Polish cities can easily be accessed by the domestic airlines. Gdansk, Cracow, Poznan, Szczecin, Wroclaw and Katowice all are well connected and approachable.

By Train
Warsaw has lot of options for train lovers. Warsaw has three stations for long-distance trains Dworzec Centralny (Warsaw Central), Dworzec Wschodni(Warsaw East) and Warszawa Zachodnia(Warsaw West). Warsaw Central is the main railway station handling major international and domesric trains.

By Road
Hired taxies and cabs are easily available all over Poland.

Elephant Caves in Mumbai

This web copy was written for YourAsianVacations.com

Elephanta Caves is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in close vicinity of Mumbai. The caves are located on Elephanta Island, nine nautical miles into the sea from Gateway of India. Elephanta Caves are actually a temple complex devoted to Lord Shiva and cover an area of 60,000 square feet. There is one main chamber and two lateral ones, courtyards and many subsidiary shrines.

Elegant Carvings
Elephanta Caves are carved out of rock and the images have been preserved in the internal spaces between columns. The entire temple is related to a large sculpture. In fact, one can walk through the corridors and chambers of this sculptured temple. There are three entrances to the temple. The axis of the temple is formed with the eastern and the western entrances. On the eastern side, there is a 20-pillared hall and on its western end is a cell in which a Shivalingam enshrined.

Trimurthi
One of the main attractions of Elephanta Caves is the glorious image of Sadashiva, a manifestation of Lord Shiva. This stupendous 20 feet high image of the three headed Shiva, known as Trimurthi, is carved in relief at the end of the north-south axis. It is regarded as a masterpiece of Indian art. Actually, there are five faces but only three faces are carved into the wall.

Origin of Name
It is also known as Gharpuri and named Elephanta Caves by the Portuguese, after they saw a giant statue of elephant near the landing area of the island.

History
The history of Elephanta Caves is unclear as some believe that Pulkesin II of Chalukya dynasty built the temples to celebrate his triumph while others opine that the caves were built by Kalchuri King Krishnaraja in 6th century AD. Once known as Puri and later Gharapuri, the island was proud possession of several coastal dynasties. Later Portuguese took possession of the island. After landing on the island they built a fort with a watchtower, hoisting up a flag to ward off the attacks by pirates.

Sightseeing Highlights
Maheshamurthi Cave - Lord Shiva is shown here as a creator, preserver and destroyer.
Southern Wall - Southern wall is embellished with sculptures of Kalyanasundara, Gangadhara, Ardhanarishwara, and Uma Maheshwara.

How to Reach
Elephanta Island can be reached by boat. The ferry ride from Gateway of India takes 15 minutes to reach Elephant Island.

Gateway of India in Mumbai

This section was written for India for YourAsianVacations.com

Gateway of India has become a symbol of Mumbai. The grand structure near the seacoast seems to represent Mumbai all over the world. Whenever one looks at the massive gate, it becomes clear that it is Mumbai which is being talked about. Located on the South Mumbai waterfront, it is a huge basalt arch of 26 meters. The monument calls a large number of overseas travelers as well as local citizens, who throng the place on weekends for having fun. To amble around the bay and watch the colorful crowd and serene sea is something entertaining.

History
The Gateway of India is one of the monuments erected in British era. It was designed by royal British architect George Witter on the occasion of the arrival of King George V and Queen Marry in India. It was the year 1911. The mammoth structure took almost 13 years to get completed. When India attained independence in 1947, the British troops marched out through its port in a ceremonial exit. Thus, it has big historical significance.

Architecture
The Gateway of India has an awe-inspiring architecture. It comprises of a 26m high arch built by using yellow basalt and reinforced concrete. The architectural style employed is Indo-Saracenic. The top of the monument is bedecked with a central dome, which has a diameter of 15m. The cost of its construction was Rs. 21 lakhs, borne mainly by the then Government of India.

Places in Neighborhood
Marine Drive – After a hectic day, one can relax here in the evening. Watching the sun gradually disappear is a soothing sight.
Chowpatti Beach – Chowpatti is among the most famous beaches in India. During festive season in October, the beach is in its full glory when thousands of people from all over the city immerse the idol of Lord Ganesha in the Arabian Sea.

How to Reach
One would take around 45 minutes from Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus to reach Gateway of India. Several modes of transportation are available from all airports and railway stations of Mumbai. One could also take public transport to get to the venue.

Perth City in Australia

This web page was part of a project on Australia done for International-Travel-Tours.com

Welcome to Perth. Welcome to the land that is blessed with some of the prestine coastline of the world. Perth - home of the world’s oldest operating mint; numerous museums and art galleries, historic character buildings, a five-star resort and casino and a great variety of shopping .Of the 1.8 million people that live in Western Australia, 1.4 million reside in Perth. Perth sits elegantly on the banks of the Swan River, like a monarch surveying her realm.

Perth , the gift of nature is blessed with a Mediterranean climate, most of Perth’s sporting and recreational activities revolve around the city’s superb beaches. Perth’s waters play host to abundant marine life including seals, dolphins, whales and many, many species of fish. Beaches like Scarborough and Cottesloe have been described by countless visitors as some of the best strips in the country. Boasting an impressive skyline, inner-city Perth seems to have been designed with people in mind. Its attractive malls and elevated walkways make it pleasant to navigate on foot.

Beaches
Perth’s closest beaches extend along the Indian Ocean’s Sunset Coast, 30km of near-unbroken sand and coastal suburbs stretching north of the Swan River.There are also inshore beaches along the Swan River at Crawley, Nedlands, Peppermint Grove and Mosman Bay on the north shore, and Como, Canning Bridge and Applecross on the south – all are calm and safe for kiddies. Cottesloe Beach, 7km north of Fremantle, is the most popular city beach, with safe swimming in the lee of a groyne. There are ice-cream vendors, cafés and watercraft-rental outlets all just a short walk from Cottesloe train station.

Scarborough Beach is as much a holiday resort as beachside suburb and is the best base along the Sunset Coast if you want to stay a day or two. Popular with surfers and their groupies, the suburb has an easy-going air of “Californian tan-upmanship”, plus enough services, inexpensive accommodation and activity to sustain a few days out of central Perth.

Underwater World
Encounter the beautiful bottlenose dolphins cared for by Underwater World. Watch them being fed and observe their natural behaviour. Travel the submerged tunnel on a moving walkway and come face to face with over 2,000 marine animals. See divers hand-feed sharks and giant rays. In the touch pool, feel a starfish or even a shark, or zoom in on the sea's tiny creaturest the Microworld display

Whale Watching
Experience the awesome beauty and wonder of the humpback whale on cruises operating from Hillarys Boat Harbour.

Perth Tram
A fun way to discover Perth and its history. This wooden replica tram was built locally to resemble the first trams operating in Perth in 1899. Visit Kings Park, the Casino, Old Perth Port at the Barrack Street Jetty and the city shopping areas. Interesting commentary by knowledgeable drivers. Full tour l.5 hours, or break your journey at any point and rejoin later.

Perth Mint
Step through the door to the Perth Mint's Old Melting House and step back into the past century when Western Australia was in the grip of gold fever, and the refining and minting processes were a symphony of steam-driven engines, whining leather belts and the striking of metal on metal. See daily demonstrations of pure gold bars being poured and moulded. From the spectacular viewing gallery, you can also see where the Perth Mint's bullion and proof issue coins are produced today.

Wines of Perth
Parth is also popular for its wines and all over the world . A traditional family winery with a policy of keeping its wide range of multi-award winning whites, reds and fortified wines at affordable prices. Nearby on Benara Road you'll find Dear Friends Garden Restaurant and The Vineyard Teahouse Restaurant. Both are also open for meals, Devonshire teas and stock local wines.

Activities
Surfing and swimming at the city's beaches are favoured activities along with diving and fishing and the picturesque Avon River is a popular canoeing spot. You can also get out on the ocean by renting a catamaran at the South Perth foreshore, or asking around Perth's yachting clubs for volunteer spots on racing yachts.

There are a number of activities that bring you into contact with marine mammals in and around Perth, including watching for humpback whales returning to Antarctic waters after wintering in the ocean off north-western Australia.

Touring Adelaide

This web page was a part of Australia project done for International-Travel-Tours.com

Welcome to Adelaide. The city of hopes and aspirations with amazing diversity that offers you everything you could ever want in a holiday. Adelaide - Capital of South Australia, fourth largest city, a multicultural society and a ‘Mediterranean’ city with a population of over 100 different ethnic communities. Adelaide is situated along the southern coast of Australia. The city combines interest, creativity and liveliness with a safe and clean environment.

Adelaide displays a sophisticated heritage, strongly reflected in the beauty and charm of its well planned streets, surrounding parks and gardens, gracious architecture and a special character that makes it quite distinct from other cities of Australia .Adelaide is renowned for great food and wine - there are more restaurants per population in Adelaide than any other major city. The capital’s thriving arts culture is well-respected internationally. The Adelaide Festival of Arts, which is conducted annually, attracts major artists from all over the world . The Adelaide Fringe Festival unites the expressive, alternative people of Adelaide in a tidal wave of colour, parades and creativity.

South Australia boasts a diverse range of different landforms, from hills, grasslands and valleys, to the semi-arid and arid deserts in the north of the State. Australia is one of the oldest continents on Earth, and consists of a wide variety of landforms, mostly consisting of vast ancient crystal blocks. The lowest point in Australia is Lake Eyre in South Australia, which is 16 metres below sea level.It offres a wide range of tourist attractions place which attracts tourists all over the world.

Adelaide Hills
There is much to see and do in the historic Adelaide Hills, one of the first regions to be settled within South Australia. Twenty minutes drive from the City of Adelaide.The Mount Lofty Botanic gardens offer beautiful scenery with views of the City of Adelaide. There is also an abundance of great food and fine wine.

Fleurieu Peninsula
The Fleurieu Peninsula is home to some of South Australia's most picturesque swimming and fishing beaches, walking trails, and wine regions. The seaside region of Victor Harbour offers many different opportunities: surfing, fishing and swimming at its different beaches, whale-watching between June and September each year, and the chance to see more than 1000 fairy penguins, nesting on Granite Island.

Kangaroo Island
Located just 16km from the tip of the Fleurieu Peninsula, Kangaroo Island is the third largest island off the Australian mainland, accessible by vehicle/passenger ferry and by air. It offers an abundance of wildlife largely unaffected by developments on the mainland, including sea lions, koalas, wallabies and of course kangaroos! It is also home to Australia's largest sea lion colony, spectacular rock formations, and untouched sandy beaches.

Kangaroo Island
Australia's largest Aboriginal history and arts collection is displayed at the South Australian Museum. The fine museum, which also exhibits natural history, is worth seeing. Another highly recommended museum is the Migration Museum, which chronicles the social history of the state. Just 11km from the city centre is Adelaide's top beach destination, Glenelg. The lively beach has a good assortment of places to eat and drink.

Shopper's Paradise
Adelaide Arcade and the bustling Rundle Mall are the city’s main shopping precincts. Rundle Mall is ideal for city shoppers with every major label represented, plus loads of cafes and restaurants. For antiques and bric-a-brac, head for King William Road, Norwood Parade and Magill Road. Just 10 minutes drive from the city centre, Unley Road features specialty shops and exciting designer fashion boutiques dotted between classy restaurants, outdoor cafes and antique dealers.

Activities
There are several bushwalking clubs in the Adelaide area which organise weekend walks in the Mt Lofty Ranges. There is good sailing all along the Adelaide shoreline of the Gulf of St Vincent. Beaches close to the city, such as Seacliff, Brighton, Somerton and Glenelg offer excellent swimming, though you have to go a litte further afield for surfing. There's an artificial reef designed for divers off Glenelg beach. You can go ice-skating or skiing year-round at the indoor rink and slope in Thebarton.

Singapore Tourism

This web page was written for Singapore section for Tourism-Asia.net in April, 2007.

Singapore has always been a paradise for the tourists. It is a charismatic city which has a perfect blend of contrast and color. Singapore serves you with diverse culture, exotic sea food combined with brilliant art and architecture. Stuffed with great enthusiasm, Singapore tourism provides memorable experience, for its visitors in some of its highlighted attractions. This includes journeys that will take you to see the scenic beauty of the island, and even under the crystal clear waters that surround it.

A single day's travel will take you from the past to the future, from extraordinary traditional enclave to efficient business centre, from lush gardens to sleek skyscrapers.

Tourist Attractions
If you are planning to visit Singapore then here is a list of Tourist Attractions or the Places of Interest in Singapore which you can visit while you are here in Singapore:

Asian Civilization Museum: The Asian Civilization Museum is a form of the three museums of the National Museums of Singapore. This is the most established museum in the region to focus exhibits and origins in Asia's cultures and evolutions.

Escape Theme Park : Scream your hearts out at Singapore's biggest outdoor theme park, Escape Theme Park. Escape Theme Park will certainly thrill and excite you with its huge range of wet and dry rides for the whole family.

Jurong Bird Park: Located at the west end of Singapore, the Jurong Bird Park is the largest and most remarkable bird park in Southeast Asia that will certainly fascinate and impress you with its variety of 9,000 birds.

Kent Ridge Park: With a size of 47 hectares, this park offers you the most magnificent views of the off-shore islands such as the Pulau Duran Darat. Filled with Tembusu, Acacias and Dillenias trees, you will certainly enjoy the peacefulness and serenity of the park.

Merlion: The Merlion is to welcome all visitors to Singapore. Standing tall at 8.6 metres high and weighs as heavy as 70 tonnes, it was designed since 1964. It is originally located at the mouth of the Singapore River.

Night Safari: The Night Safari is the first wildlife park built especially to be viewed at night unlike the traditional nocturnal houses elsewhere. This place occupies 40 hectares of land, ranging animals from South America and other parts of Asia.

Pulau Ubin: A small island, shaped like a boomerang, this island is off the northeastern coast of Singapore main island. This could be the very last kampung or village in Singapore.

Singapore Johore Battery at Changi: The Johore Battery is a war memorial site in Singapore that dates back to the early 1940s. Some of the other major coastal batteries were the Pasir Laba Battery, Labrador Battery and the Fort Siloso Battery.

Singapore Zoo: The modern Singapore Zoo, or formerly known as the Singapore Zoological Gardens, displays animals in the open. Residents of the animal kingdom roam spaciously in landscaped enclosures.

Heritage
Culture and Traditions
Singapore is a perfect mixture of social ethnicities and traditions. The visitors can explore myriad of festivals, arts and numerous events which are a great fusion of several influences. Moreover, Singapore is gifted with rich heritage which can be seen in its splendid building structures and monuments. Now Singapore's heritage scene has blossomed with a steady rise in museum visitors and cultural activities in recent years.

Architecture
Singapore presents one of the finest and modern skylines in South east Asia. Its modern buildings can challenge sky scrapers from any part of the world. Singapore comes up with the buildings and monuments of colonial heritage in unparalleled style. You can also visit Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA), which is a national organization that represents the architects in Singapore. The marvelous and innovative architecture in Singapore sure keeps the visitor glued to her beautiful skyline.

Must Visit in Singapore
Little India: As you step into Little India, just be prepared for the feast of your senses! You will be welcomed by the strong scent of spices and jasmine garlands, followed by the treasury of silverware, wood carvings, brassware and colorful silk saris. In 19th century, Indian immigrants arrived to find work here, be it as laborers to build roads or to take up prominent positions in the civil service.

Festivals: In Singapore, every ethnic group has its own festivals, mostly related to their religion. Almost every month of the year, you will find a celebration of some form or other, bringing a great display of color, pomp and ceremony which is enjoyed by the whole population. In a peaceful and harmonious society, Singaporeans respect and celebrate one another's festivals with relish.

Staying Options in Singapore:
Choosing a hotel or resort in Singapore that perfectly lives up to your expectations is the easiest thing in the world. At this section, you will find a wide range of places in every style at all popular locations with the most comprehensive, up to date hotel and travel information available anywhere for Singapore. The most famous hotels, where you can accommodate comfortably while on your vacation tour to Singapore are: Orchard Road Hotels, Heritage District Hotels, Financial District Hotels, Hotels at River District, Chinatown Hotels, Hotels in Little India, Hotels in North of Downtown, East Singapore / Airport, Hotels in Sentosa Island and lots more.

Singapore Shopping

I wrote this page for Singapore section of Tourism-Asia.net

Shopping is integral part of any holiday in Singapore. Many tourists come only for sightseeing and recreation, but when then leave, there have one or two extra bags with them. Fantastic shopping malls in Singapore with a galaxy of goods make sure that the visitors return with something special.

Some of the main Singapore shopping malls are:

Orchard Road
Orchard Road is known for its fabulous shopping not only in Singapore but all over the world. Ritzy shopping malls interconnected by underground air-conditioned passages line the streets. Without the tour of Orchard Road, they say, any tour of Singapore is not complete. Most famous among the shopping malls of the Orchard Road are the Centrepoint, Delfi Orchard, DFS Galleria Scottswalk, Far East Plaza, The Heeren, Shopping Gallery of Hilton, Liat Towers, Lucky Plaza, Mandarin Gallery, and Midpoint Orchard.

Marina Bay
Marina Bay is also a nice spot for Singapore shopping extravaganza. The place brims with shopping malls and the visitors have great choices. Main shopping centers of the region are CHIJMES, CityLink, Marina Square, Millenia Walk, and Raffles City Shopping Center.

Chinatown
Chinatown is the cultural hub of Chinese migrants. In the serpentine streets and alleyways, Chinese merchants hawk their wares. Some sell products of medical use like herbs, spices and potions while products like bales of silk, gold jewelry, and other traditional crafts are also there. Conventional teashops, painted masks, kite makers, lacquerware, handicrafts, artefacts, waxed paper umbrellas can also be found in Chinatown.

Arab Street
Arab Street is ideal for those who like bazaar-style shopping. One can enjoy bargaining to the heart's content and purchase most intriguing keepsakes. Items widely available here are goods made of cane, rattan, straw and pandan leaf goods, like baby cradles, floor mats, serving trays and hanging chairs. Other interesting stocks like sewing kits, camel skin bags and fishing items are also on sale.

Little India
Little India is the best place to buy traditional Indian items in Singapore. One would be greeted in Little India shops with pungent scent of spices and jasmine garlands. Other available objects are ethnic jewellery, silverware, brassware, and colorful saris. One can also browse for dazzling bangles and other bridal ornaments. Mustafa Center and Tekka Center are two most prominent shopping centers in Little India.

North Bridge Road
Prominent shopping centers of the North Bridge Road are the Capitol Building, Funan the IT Mall, Stamford Court, Stamford House and Adelphi. Capitol Building is known for fashion boutiques, Funan for computer goods, Stamfor Court for furnishing, lighting, book and CD shops, Stamford House for an art gallery as well as interior design and decoration ideas, and Adelphi for entertainment equipments and beauty services.

Bungee Jumping in Nepal

This section was written for Nepal section of SaarcTourism.org

Experience the hair-rising thrill of Bungee Jumping in Nepal. The site of bungee jump in Nepal is considered among the best in the world. Located close to Nepal-Tibet border, it is 160m over the wild Bhote Koshi river. The first bungee jumping site in Nepal is a three-hour bus ride from Capital Kathmandu. It is managed by some of the most seasoned bungee jump masters. It is designed by one of New Zealand's leading bungee consultants.

Highlights
* The Bungy Bridge where bungee jumping is enjoyed happens to be the only privately owned bridge in Nepal.
* The bridge has been specially designed for bungy jumping sport with 4X safety factor. It has load capacity of 41,500 kg or 4,5 tons acoording to Swiss measurements.
* The Bhote Kosi gorge is located within 4 hours outside Kathmandu valley.
* The thrill of jumping from the altitude of 160 metres is unsurpassable.

Location
Less than 3 hours outside Kathmandu if you travel by Ultimate Bungy Shuttle. The journey is to the Arniko (Kathmandu/Lhasa) Highway to within 12km of the Tibet Border and the famous Friendship Bridge.

The Gorge
Bungee Nepal Jump takes place on a 166m wide steel suspension bridge over the Bhote Kosi River.

The Bridge
The bridge is Swiss designed, specially for bungee jumping keeping in consideration 4X safety factor. The bridge has loading factor of 250kg per running meter. This means that the bridge will hold 250 x 166 = 41,500kg or 4.5 tonnes. Over 6000 meters of steel wire has been used to build the longest suspension bridge in Nepal which links two sides of a great valley. Before its construction, locals had to walk five hours to cross this river gorge.

Wildlife in Sri Lanka

This web page was written for Sri Lanka section of SaarcTourism.org

Wildlife of Sri Lanka is plentiful and varied. Natural isolation from other countries pronounces that the island has high endemicity among its fauna. Sri Lanka is most famous for its elephants. One can hire a jeep for elephant and leopard safaris in its national parks. You can enjoy turtles for hours. If you are interested in birdwatching the country would be absolutely delight. Time passed in the forests of Sri Lanka can be uplifting for any person who is least interested in wildlife. Nature has stayed still in the jungles of Sri Lanka for hundreds of years.

Authorities in Sri Lanka have designated 12 per cent of the country for wildlife conservation. This testifies that Sri Lanka is fully commited to its natural heritage.

Terrain
Various types of terrains are punctuated by rocky outcrops. Some are open parkland while few of thick forests. As a result variety of creatures are also found here. Areas near to seashore are added bonus of ocean frontage. Lagoons, water holes, lakes and streams take care of the water needs of the animals.

National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries
Safari parks and wildlife sanctuaries are located mostly in the southern and central parts of the country. These are fine places to witness the beasts in their natural habitat. You can see herds of elephants feeding or washing in pools or lagoons. You can quietly watch turtles laying their eggs. Sightings of leopards are also frequent here.Smaller creatures can be tough to find in the forests of Sri Lanka. Peacocks can be seen dancing when it rains.

There are four prominent national parks in Sri Lanka. These are Ruhunu Park, Wilpattu Park, Inginiyagala Park and Uda Walawe Park. Apart from these there are several minor parks too.

Ruhunu National Park
Ruhunu National Park at Yala is best known for its elephants who wander in big and small herds in the undisturbed forest. Various species of deer like spotted deer, sambhar and barking deer are found in the park. You could see leopards resting in the sun or drinking at a water hole. Wild Boar and Wild Buffalo add more thrill to the park. Several types of monkeys are also found here such as the pinkish Rhesus and Langur. See crocodiles resting silently near the waterholes. Sight of the pythons crossing the track would thrill you.

Ruhunu has enough attractions to fascinate those who are interested in avians. Peacock is the most well known bird here. Other more known birds which can be seen here are several types of herons, poonbill, painted stork, colorful parrots, parakeets, bee-eater, kingfisher, woodpecker and hornbill.

Wilpattu National Park
Leopard and sloth bear are main attraction in Wilpattu National park in place of elephants. You can find number of delightful tiny lakes here called villus. Thick forest means that tracking of animals here becomes more exciting. The park is located 176 km north of Colombo.

Gal Oya National Park
Established in 1954, Gal Oya National Park is located in the south-east part of Sri Lanka. Vegetaion in the park comprises both evergreen forest and grasslands. Approximate 30 species of animals are found here including leopard, sloth bear, elephant, wild boar, water buffalo, various species of deer, common langur and endemic toque macaque. About 150 species of birds are also found in this park.

Uda Walawe National Park
Uda Walawe National Park is mainly comprised of grasslands and thorn scrubs punctuated by trees. Located 170 km off Colombo the park is known for providing home to elephants, various species of deer, monkeys, jackal, water buffalo and wild boar. Lot of avifauna can also be witnessed in the park.

Madhu Oya National Park
Located 300 km off Colombo, Madhu Oya National Park is the home of creatures like Sambhur, Purple Monkey, reptiles and birds. Ancient ruins can also be found within the boundaries of the park. Best way to tour the park is on a four-wheeled vehicle. You can reach the national park from Colombo via trains and buses. However it would be best if you hire a tourist cab.

Horton Plains National Park
Designated as a National Park in 1988, Horton Plains National Park is comprised of cloud forests embedded in wet grasslands. Most vegetation and animals in the park are endemic. The park is one of the best elephant habitats in the country. Avian diversity in the park is very high. More than 70% of Sri Lanka's endemic birds reside here. Horton Plains can be easily reached from Nuwaraeliya or Talawakale.

Bundala National Park
Known for its plentiful aquatic bird life, Bundala National park is a fine addtion to the list of the country's national parks. Large variety of aquatic birds feed on the harvest of numerous lagoons in the park. This wetland sanctuary offers shelter to migratory shore-birds including the Greater Flamingo. About 150 bird species are foun here. Small population of elephants also resides here.Creatures like leopards, spotted deer, sambar, barking deer, sloth bear, giant squirrrell, jackal, civet cat, Indian pangolin. Reptiles like crocodiles and monitor lizards can also be found.

Bird Sanctuaries
Prominent bird sanctuaries in Sri Lanka are Kumana, Wirawila, Bundala and Kalametiya. All these are located within 200 to 300 kms from Colomo. Their location on Sri Lanka's extreme south eastern coast and abundance of lagoons and swamps pronounces that these have become the preferred residence of waterbirds. Large flocks of both resident and migrant aquatic birds can be found here. Udawattakele and Peak Wilderness are highland sanctuaries, quieter but equally picturesque.

National Zoological Gardens
National Zoological Gardens at Dehiwala is famous all across the world for its fine collection of animals, birds, reptiles and fish. Aquarium here is the only one of its kind in Asia and offers over 500 varieties of aquatic life. The Zoological Gardens also hosts Aviary, Reptilium, Butterfly Park within its compound.

Botanic Gardens
Sri Lanka has developed three beautiful Botanic Gardens in Peradeniya, Hakgala and Henarathgoda.

Elephant Orphanage
An orphanage for elephants has been set up by the department of National Zoological Gardens, at Pinnawela, 90 km. from Colombo. It was established in 1975 and several animals brought here at the inception are now mature enough for breeding, which is the ultimate aim of the institution. Entrance fees : Rs.75 per adult and Rs.40 per child.

Accommodation in Parks
Department of Wild Life Conservation maintains special bungalows in the national parks of Sri Lanka. Caretakers in these bungalows make food for the visitors. You are advised to travel inside the parks only by four-wheelers. You are allowed to enter parks only after you get special permits.

Tips When Visiting National Parks
* You are not allowed to come down from your vehicle within the boundaries of the park, except at specially marked locations.
* You should get reservations in the park bungalows in advance.
* You can camp at special camping sites, and for that too you are required to take prior permission.
* It is mandatory to be accompanied by a tracker provided by the park authorities.
* Listening loud music is prohibited.
* Don't leave any litter in the park.

Salzburg Travel

This web page was written for Austria section of International-Travel-Tours.com

Salzburg is one of the best tourist spots in Europe. Wintry mountains, golden baroque architecture, jubilant festivals, winding rivers and enigmatic charm, this is how people define Salzburg. Crowned as the fourth largest city of Austria, the 'old town' of Salzburg was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997. Come, fall in love with the snow, the holiday music and of course the Christmas markets of enthralling world of Salzburg. A trip to Salzburg is loved by millions of visitors from all over the world. Salzburg is holiday destination of Austria, equaly popular in summers as well as in winters.

Salzburg is also recognized on the world stage as the birth place of Mozart, an episode of music in Europe. Salzburg travel is the fun fiesta for wander lusters from all over the world. Not only tourists, but students are also attracted to city of Salzburg having three major universities. Salzburg is often called as “Rome of North” because of its beautifully built churches. Enthralling natural beauty of Salzburg is able to make visitors sleepless. Travelling Salzburg is an ultimate experience in itself as it is one of the baroque jewels of Austria.

Tourist Places in Salzburg
Salzburg hosts an array of tourist attractions. Prominent among these are as follows:

» Hohensalzburg
One of the largest castles of Europe, Hohensalzburg was built in 1077 by Archbishop Gebhard von Helffenstein. Presents an awesome view of the city as it is 400 feet over the river. Till 19th century used as barracks, storage house and cell, castle was refurbished in late 20th century. Today it is crowned as the best preserved castles in Europe and an important historical monument.

» Schloss Hellbrunn
Mechanical theater and Schloss Mirabell are worth enjoying here in pleasant afternoons. This beautiful castle with splendid gardens is located next to the Salzach river and the Mozarteum University of Music and Arts."Garden of Dwarves" and Garden of Roses are centers of attraction in the castle. Raffael Donner with marble stairs, is one of the mesmeric wedding halls in the Schloss Hellbrunn.

» Mozart-Wohnhaus (Mozart’s House)
Mozart’s fan’s can pay an adorable visit to the famous composer’s birth place and childhood house, now a famous museum. Attributed to Mozart and his family, museum conserves their memorabilia and letters. Mozart's childhood violin, his concert violin, his clavichord, the pianoforte, portraits are some worth seeing assets of the museum.

» Festival Hall
Built in 1956-1960, large festival hall is used for operas and festive concerts. With capacity to accommodate 2,177 audiences it has an excellent stage view. The Small Festival Hall has 1,324 seats and standing room for 60. It was temporarily built in 1924 and underwent numerous architectural changes - last adapted by Hans Hoffman and Erich Engels. Famous fresco painted by Anton Faistauer is the cardinal attraction of the entrance hall.

Museums and Cathedrals
» Museum of Natural History (Haus Der Natur)
Natural history collection, aquarium, reptile collection, outer-space show are the special attractions of Salzburg's famous museum. Museum has a wide range of exhibitions.

» Catherdral Museum
Baroque rooms with magnificent decor, including medieval sculptures, embellished paintings and goldsmith's art from the cathedral treasure are on display in the Cathedral museum. Precious jewel-studded monstrance and the ancient Eucharistic dove are special features of the museum. Art and Rarities Collection is one of the Museum's special display. Besides these permanent attractions the museum also has regular exhibitions to display the natural history objects like fossils, gems and carved ivory.

» Castle of Mirable and Mirabellgarte
Castle of Mirabell with its wide gardens full of flowers is a worth seeing attraction in Salzburg. Noticed for the "Garden of Dwarves" and the "Garden of Roses". Located right to the Salzach river and the Mozarteum University of Music and Art, this splendid castle with marvelous gardens was built by, an archbishop Wolf Dietrich for his courtesan. Marble Hall , inside the castle is one of the world's beautiful wedding halls. The Hall also serves as an elegant venue for conferences, awards ceremonies and exquisite concerts (Salzburg Palace Concerts).

» The St. Peter Cemetery
St Peters Abbey is one of the most charming cemeteries of the world. Completely overhauled in 17th - 18th century with an elegant embellished architecture. Church is known for its art treasures,altar paintings by Kremlin Schmidt. Church is often considered as one of Salzburg's most impressive Rococo buildings. Catacombs here are famous worldwide.

» Collegiate Church
Great baroque architect, Fischer von Erlach, designed this largest and most beautiful church in all of Austria. Altar paintings by J.M. Rottmay, unique convex facade rising to a sweeping diadem of towers, are worth seeing here.

Shopping
While Salzburg doesn't have Vienna's wide range of merchandise, there's still plenty of shopping here. Good buys in Salzburg include souvenirs of Land Salzburg (dirndls, lederhosen, and petit point) and all types of sports gear. Getreidegasse is a main shopping thoroughfare, but you'll also find some intriguing little shops on Residenzplatz.

Most stores are open Monday through Friday from 9am to 6pm, but note that many stores, especially smaller shops, take 1- or 2-hour break for lunch. On weekends, stores are generally open only Saturday mornings.

Music of Sri Lanka

This web page was written for Sri Lanka section of SaarcTourism.org

Music of Sri Lanka is the amalgamation of indigenous traditions and influences of India and Europe. Music is a natural mode of expressing one's creativity. Ancient Sri Lankans too used music to express their creative thoughts. With the course of time North and South Indian traditions of music influenced Sri Lankan music. European powers like the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English ruled the country for about 200 years. They also left their impact.

Baila Music
Baila is a popular dance music form in Sri Lanka. This style of music in Sri Lanka was inspired by the Portuguese. Baila Music originated centuries ago. After the advent of Europeans it accepted many European instruments and rhythms. In the 1960s Baila music entered the mainstream of Sri Lankan music. Radio broadcaster Vermon Corea has always created Baila music.

Traditional Open-Air Drama
Conventional open-air drama referred to in Sinhala as kolam, sokari or nadagam has been popular in Lankana hamlets and towns for centuries. Villagers, after a day's work in their fields and the women, after working hard in their homes, enjoy these dramas and refresh themselves. The artists performing are also local. It was the most easily available form of entertainment available in the villages.

Recorded Albums
First recorded album in Sri Lanka was Nurthi, which came out in 1903 via Radio Ceylon. The radio station which was established in 1925, had the monopoly of Sri Lankan airwaves for a long time. Vernon Corea, one of the prominent broadcasters of Sri Lanka made hay of the opportunity. He introduced Sri Lankan music on the Radio Ceylon.

Influence of Indian Film Music
Indian film melodies were always loved by the people of Sri Lanka. Especially during the decade of 1960s Indian film music made considerable inroads in Sri Lanka. Tamil/Sinhala songs were composed on the tunes of the Indian movies. These songs became the music of Sri Lankan households. Indian film stars also became popular in Sri Lanka. Similarly Sri Lankan actors like Sunil Shantha had more fans among Indian audiences than in their home country. Radio Ceylon was also very popular in the souther states of India, particularly Tamil Nadu.

Artistic Revolution
This was the time when a kind of artistic revolution took place in Sri Lankan sphere of music. Lyricists like Mahagama Sekara Shantha and Molligoda felt the need of reaching the people they had long ignored. These lyricists are known for their deeply poetic, and honestly expressed ideology. Through their literature, they promoted the feelings of nationalism in the country. Ananda Samarakoon, a respected lyricist of this period, composed the national anthem of Sri Lanka.

Unique Sri Lankan Music
This revolution helped the Sri Lankan film musicians to develop their own style of music. Prominent among the Lankan musicians were Nimal Mendis, Mohamed Ghouse, W.D. Amaradeva and Premasiri Kernadasa. Pop groups like Los cabelleros led by Neville Fernando, The La Bambas, The Humming Birds and Los Muchachos came on the Sri Lankan stage on music in the mid-1960s. All these pop groups were impressed by Caribbean folk singar Harry Belafonte and played calypso-style baila.

Return of Indian Music
During the late 1960s and early 1970s, pop music calypso ruled the households of Sri Lanka. However by 1980, Indian film music made a comeback. It removed pop from the stage and reaffirmed itself on the Sri Lankan music stage.

Music Instruments
Many music instruments were developed by the indigenous tribal groups of Sri Lanka. Several of these instruments are still used. Most used among these is Kandyan Drum, a double-headed barrel-shaed drum. Thammatama is twin drum played with two sticks.Yak Bera is also a type of drum which is played by hand on on side and by a stick on the other. Hand Rabana is a drum similar to tambourine.

Kathmandu Travel

This section was written for Nepal section of SaarcTourism.org

Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, is the largest city in the country. Nepal capital city is in shape of Khukuri knife and its glorious history dates back to two thousand years. Located in the bowl shaped Kathmandu Valley, the city is the cultural hub of the country and probably the most sought after tourist destination. The home town of Newaras is the meeting point of various ethnic groups.

Kathmandu city is the conjecture to the major routes within and outside the country. Most of the trekking expeditions and tours start from Kathmandu. The city itself is home to the historical monuments, cultural groups, architectural wonders and exotic tourist destinations. The famous durbar squares of Kathmandu are world famous and the Kathmandu valley is a Cultural World Heritage site listed by UNESCO in 1979.

Entertainment
The casinos of Kathmandu are famous worldwide. These action-packed, lively casinos of Kathmandu make the night life rocking. These casinos run 24X7 and offer ultimate fun games and entertainment. There are four licensed casinos in Kathmandu, all located in the premises of the city's top hotels, which offer your favorite games: poker, baccarat, roulette, pontoon, blackjack, as well as other card games and slot machines.

Tourist Attractions
Hanuman Dhoka (Durbar Square)
The square is the complex of palaces, courtyards and temples that are built between the 12th and the 18th centuries by the ancient Malla Kings of Nepal. It is the social, religious and urban focal point of the city. Taleju Temple, Kal Bhairab (God of Destruction), Nautalle Durbar, Coronation Nasal Chowk, the Gaddi Baithak, the statue of King Pratap Malla, the Big Bell, Big Drum and the Jagnnath Temple are some of the interesting things to see in this Square.

Swayambhunath Stupa
Also known as the monkey temple, the Buddhist temple of Swayambhunath is situated on the top of a hill, west to Kathmandu. The temple is considered to be one of the most popular, holiest and instantly recognizable symbols of Nepal. Large tribes of monkeys can be seen inside and around the temple. The golden spire of Swayambhunath stupa crowns a wooded hillock and offers a commanding view of Kathmandu city. This is one of the world's most glorious Buddhist Chaityas.

Boudhanath Stupa
The biggest stupa in Nepal is situated 7 km east to Kathmandu. Boudhanath Stupa looms 36 meters high and presents one of the most fascinating specimens of stupa design. There are more than 45 Buddhist monasteries in the area. The Bouddhanath stupa is also known as Khasti Chitya and is considered as one of the oldest stupas in the country.

Balaju Water Garden
The beautiful Balaju Water Garden is a famous tourist destination. It is situated below the Nagarjun Hill, about 5 km narthwest of akthmandu. The garden has an exotic bank with 22 stone waterspouts, carved in the shape of sea-dragons. The water garden also consists of religious shrines, fishponds and a replica of the statue of Budhanilkantha. The swimming pool inside the park attract a lot of tourists.

Budhanilkantha
This is one of the masterpieces of stone sculptures of Lichchhavi period. This 5th century statue is in the middle of a small pond and seems to float in water. The Budhanilkantha temple consists of a pond in which lies a great stone figure of the Hindu god Vishnu reclining on the coils of a cosmic serpent. The huge statue of sleeping Vishnu is believed to be carved from the single block of black stone of a type not found in the valley. It is believed that ages before the two hardworking farmers (husband and wife) discovered the statue when they were ploughing their field.

Pashupatinath Temple
Pashupatinath Temple, with its astonishing architectural beauty, stands as a symbol of faith, religion, culture and tradition. Regarded as the most sacred temple of Hindu Lord Shiva in the world, Pashupatinath temple's existence dates back to 400 A.D. The richly-ornamented pagoda houses the sacred linga or phallic symbol of Lord Shiva. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to pay homage to this temple, that is also known as the temple of living beings. The Pashupatinath Temple is the pride of Kathmandu.

Changu Narayan Temple
The oldest temple in Kathmandu valley, Changu Narayan was built in 4th century. The temple is decorated by some of the best samples of stone, wood, and metal craft in the valley. The temple possess a Vishnu image with ten heads and ten arms that is a fine example of stone carving from the 5th century. The temple stands as a representative of culture, religion, history and faith.

Kumari Ghar (Temple of Kumari)
The temple or the residence of Living Goddess, Kumari, is situated in the vicinity of Hanuman Dhoka Palace. The building has beautifully carved wooden balconies and window screens. The Kumari- the living Goddess acknowledges the greetings from her balcony window.

Narayanhity Durbar
It was the Royal Palace of the Late King, His Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shahdev of Nepal. The Shah kings moved to this palace from their old palace in the late 18th century. The new edifice was inaugurated in 1970 on the occasion of the wedding of His Majesty king Birendra Bir Bikram Shahdev. The palace takes its name from the Narayanhiti, a famous historic waterspout situated at the southern corner of the Palace. The Palace compound is immense, surrounded by high walls and guarded by soldiers.

Singha Durbar
A grand imposing palace built on the neo-classical style. It was the private residence of Rana Prime Minister. Now it's the Secretariat of His Majesty's Government of Nepal.

Machchhendrananth Temple
The temple of Sweta Machchhendra Bahal between Indra Chowk and Asan. It is a Pagoda of considerable artistic beauty is also called as "Janmadyo" or "Machchhendra" deity.

Dakshinkali
The temple of Dakshinkali is situated about two kilometers south of Shekha Narayan. Dakshinkali is regarded as one of the most important Hindu Goddesses. Pilgrims visit this temple to offer their prayer and animal sacrifices to the goddess. Besides, this place has been developed as a popular picnic spot

Art and Culture
Kathmandu is the cultural focal point of Nepal. Being the meeting point of major ethic groups and foreign nationalities, the city has a diverse and rich culture. The unique intermingling of traditional ethnic groups is a characteristic feature of Kathmandu. The popular art museums in Kathmandu are:

National Museum
Two and half kilometers west of Kathmandu, the National Museum has splendid collection of weapons, artifacts from ancient, medieval and modern Nepal. Its archaeological, historical and other heritage displays are worth seeing.

Natural History Museum
Situated 3-kms west of Kathmandu City behind the famous Swayambhunath hillock, this museum has a unique collection of butterflies, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, plants and a variety of fossils collected from within the country.

Festivals
Although each day at Kathmandu Nepal is festive, joyous and ecstatic, there are certain days that are celebrated in high spirits throughout the capital. One doesn't have to be religious to enjoy these festivals as the people of Nepal, particularly Kathmandu are tolerant and open to other religions and stream of faith.

Kathmandu's cycle of festivals is rooted in history, mythology and religion. Most festivals honor and propitiate the Valley's multitude of gods, control malicious spirits and celebrate mythological victories over evil. Some mark seasonal changes, celebrating the coming rains or the completed harvest. Others honor kinship ties. Many are socially approved opportunities to "let off steam" and have fun. Above all, a festival is a social occasion, and an affirmation of the Valley's ancient and strong bonds of religion and culture.

Koh Samui Travel

This is a web page written by me for Tourism-Asia.net. Writing for Thailand section of the site was my first travel writing project on web. It was written on August 2006.


One of Thailand's leading tourist destinations, Koh Samui is very popular among the lovers of sand, sun and sea. Sitting sedately in the gulf of Thailand, the idyllic island is shaded by towering trees. Thrilling water sports, action-packed adventure options, mouth-watering seafood and raunchy nightlife, Samui seems to have a magical formula.

Why To Visit
» Idyllic natural scenery
» Adventure and water sports

Tour Attractions
Gifted benevolently by nature, Koh Samui is a beautiful island. Prominent attractions of the island are as follows.

The Beaches
When you think of an island, the first thing which come to your mind is beaches. Koh Samui has some lovely beaches:

Chaweng Beach: The most beautiful beach on the island is this stretch of powdery sand faced by crystal-clear water. Centre for watersport activities, Chaweng, located on the eastern coast, has an array of accommodation options, ranging from bamboo bungalows to five-star resorts. The nights are for merrymaking, when the young throng the dance halls to shake legs.

Lamai Beach: Located south of Chaweng, Lamai is the second largest beach on the island. Coconut trees bending over the blue-green waters give the beach more natural atmosphere. The sea is little rougher for there is no reef to protect the bay. Several spas behind the beach provide the tourist relaxing Thai massage, herbal sauna or even a mud facial.

North Coast Beaches: Bophut, Maenam and Bang Rak beaches on the north coast are ideal for those who want a seclusive vacation. Bank Rak is also called Big Buddha beach because of a colossal Buddha image at its eastern end.

Other Attractions
Apart from the beaches, Koh Samui has many other places to offer. They are as follows:

Ang Thong Marine National Park: Ang Thong Marine National Park is the group of forty plus limestone islets, which host white sand beaches, coral reefs and unspoilt tropical rainforests. You can make your choice.

A hill on Koh Wua Talab, the park's largest island provides panoramic views of the whole park. Climbing steep limestone fills you with thrill. Do not forget to visit the 'hidden lake' in Mae Koh Island.

Laem Sor Pagoda: Located at southern-most point of the island, Laem Sor Pagoda is among the most beautiful sights in Koh Samui. An ancient chedi is restored with glazed tiles that resemble gold. Cheek-by-jowl is 'meditation forest' with places to sit. Flanking the forest is a man-made lagoon with mangrove trees planted on the ocean side. The site is ideal for a relaxed picnic.

The Waterfalls: For change of pace you can decide to enjoy the waterfalls. The most prominent among them is Na Muang, lying south of the island's central peaks. Another notable fall is Hin Lat.

Na Thon: The island's main town and port, located on the west coast, is always bustling with visitors. It is the place to go for purchasing beach gear, or just watch port activity from a street balcony.

Samui Butterfly Garden: Located in southwest, the garden has a wide range of beautiful flowers, above which whiz hundreds of butterflies. The sight, beneath meshed nets, creates bewitching atmosphere.

Grandfather and Grandmother Rocks: Located at the southern end of Lamai beach are two rocks, the Grandfather and the Grandmother, which tend to be a stopover of the tourists. Shaped over millions of years by natural forces, they have acquired shapes.

Adventure and Water Sports
Abundant marine life and clear water make the island ideal for water sports. Diving, snorkelling, kayaking are few sports enjoyed by the visitors. For the intrepid, who love adrenalin rush, sports like jetskiing, paragliding and windsurfing are available. If you are scared of water, you can try beach volleyball. You can even hire a vehicle and go for bumpy rides off-roads.

Spa
Samui is a prominent spa destination of Thailand. It's atmosphere, natural beauty and fresh air make it an ideal place for spa.

Neighborhood Islands
Koh Samui is not alone. It is assisted by it's neighbours in entertaining the visitors.

Koh Phangan
Located north of Samui, the island is home of natural beauty. Most of the island is hilly covered by tropical jungles. The beaches, great for swimming and snorkelling, are specially good for those who want to pass holidays in seclusion. Full moon party on this island is 'not to miss'.

Koh Tao
Beaches of this tiny island are good for snorkelling and diving. Being less known among travellers also means that they are fresh.

Buffalo Fighting Festival
Animals decorated with ribbons and gold painted leaves on their horns fight each other. The bull fighting stadium is situated at Na Thon. The festival is celebrated in January every year.

Climate
Dry December to February
Hot March to August
Rainy September to November

How To Reach
Various means of reaching Koh Samui are mentioned below:

By Air
Nearest international airport is Phuket. However, it is a trend among tourists to reach via Bangkok.

By Train
Trains run till Surat Thani. Then you have to board a local bus or rent a vehicle to reach Don Sak. Now ferry across to the islands.

By Road
Buses running between Bangkok and Koh Samui operate daily. The journey takes around fourteen hours. The fare doesn't include ferry expenses. You can also hire car/taxi.

By Boat
Most passenger ferries leave from Surat Thani town. Car ferries use the port at Don Sak.

Getting Around
» The cheapest means of public transport is Songthaew, a small pick-up truck equipped with benches for passengers
» Taxis are easy to find in more popular in more popular tourist places, but elsewhere, getting them is a little difficult.
» Jeeps/cars/motorbikes can be hired.

Accommodation & Dining
» Budget, mid-range and luxury accommodation available
» Food shops and restaurants, providing local dishes to international cuisine
» Delicious seafood available

Eisriesenwelt Caves

This web page was written for Austria section of International-Travel-Tours.com

Warm up yourself to explore the Eisriesenwelt Caves in Austria. Owned by the National Austrian Forestry Commission, the cave would provide you one of the most thrilling experiences during your Austria visit. In Eisriesenwelt Caves, the ice remain frozen throughout the year. The ice cave is located at the height of 1640 metre. Usually the temperature remains under zero, so make sure to be prepared to save yourself from the cutting cold.

Eisriesenwelt Caves are bedecked with all kinds of ice formations like gigantic columns and towers, waterfalls and glaciers. Frozen throughout the year the cave here offers a wonderful view of frosted ice. Chilly air currents running through the cave alter the ice formation every year. Currently around 200,000 tourists come to visit Eisriesenwelt Caves every year.

Tour Highlights
A visit to this nature's icy magic takes about 5-6 hours, which includes
* the ride up to the cablecar from Werfen
* the walk to the entrance of the cave
* a guided tour
of two hours.

Location
Eisriesenwelt Caves, the largest accessible ice caves in the world, are situated near Village Werfen, about 40 km south of Salzburg city. Sitting at the height of 1640m (5380ft), these caves have more than 40km (25mi) of explored passageways. Entry to the caves is regulated and a 75-minute tour takes in several immense caverns containing elaborate ice formations and frozen waterfalls.

History
Formerly known only to the hunters and poachers, Eisriesenwelt caves were officialy discovered by Anton Posselt, a natural scientist from Salzburg, in 1879. But it was Alexander von Mörk , pioneer of cave exploration in the Salzburg area, who recognised the significance of Posselt's work and truly explored the caves. The site developed as show cave in 1920.

How to Reach
Eisriesenwelt Caves can be reached on the Tauern motorway, on the trunk road from Salzburg or by train. The mountain road up to the parking area, situated at an altitude of 1000 meters, is open for all the vehicles. Local buses are also available from the Werfen village. People who are comfortable walking 5 km can reach on foot also. There are no electronic lights in the cave. One have to guide himself on his own with the help of carbide lamps provided.

It is important to note that caves are closed during winters from November to April due to worse Alpine weather.

Phi Phi Vacations

I wrote this web page on Phi Phi Islands for YourAsianVacations.com in October, 2008.


Phi Phi Islands are unparalled in Thailand when it comes to scenic beauty. These islands seem to be created by God in His spare time. The islands have idyllic beaches fringed by swaying coconut trees and impressive corals. At Maya Bay in Phi Phi resort of Thailand, movie ‘The Beach’ was filmed in 1999. Thanks to their matchless beauty, Phi Phi Islands have always attracted the tourists for their vacations or trip.

Beaches
The twin islands of Phi Phi in Thailand charm the visitors with their long stretched sandy beaches and captivating coral reefs. The beaches are fringed by coconut and palm trees giving them a perfect look. Just lie down on the milky white Phi Phi beaches and listen to the song of the waves. And if you go under water, you would get to see large variety of colorful fish and other sea creatures. If you dare to go into deeper waters, you could get to meet manta ray and whale sharks. So much beach beauty on Phi Phi vacation.

Sports Activities
As with all Thai islands you could enjoy holiday activities like Snorkeling, Scuba Diving, Fishing, Kayaking, Parasailing and Waterskiing. Phi Phi vacations are fantastic when it comes to snorkeling. Even the experienced snorkelers would swear for that. Having one of the world’s premiere coral systems, Phi Phi trip hides precious rewards for you. As for the divers the range varies from shallow sheltered bays to wall and drift dives. For enjoying the island’s beauty, could there be a better way than paddling a boat around the island.

Phi Phi in Thailand has a modest collection of bolted routes which makes it the best place to learn rock-climbing during your vacations. After learning tricks of the trade, you could try your skills in the neighboring Railay Beach.

How to Reach Phi Phi
Boats ply for Phi Phi in Thailand from Phuket and Krabi, two popular tourist destinations. The journey takes one to two hours. Phuket and Krabi are well-linked with Bangkok, the Thai capital.

Accommodation
All types of hotel options are available in Phi Phi trip.

Scuba Diving in Langkawi

This web page was written for India section of YourAsianVacations.com

Langkawi Scuba Diving means diving in Pulau Payar Marine Park, located south east of Langkawi. Scuba diving in Langkawi is the best way to explore the rich marine life of the region. Seasoned divers who have enjoyed diving activity in the Andaman Sea can relate to the greenish hues of the ocean around Pulau Payar.

It is an ideal place to introduce the uninitiated to the real, natural marine habitat. There is a Langkawi Corals reef platform that caters to non-divers. You would feel as if you are watching a colossal aquarium.

Marine Life
Thanks to strict conservation laws enforced here, prolific marine life can be seen here. Jacks, Fusiliers, black tip sharks, barracudas and giant groupers could be regularly sighted. Abundance of fish makes the tour of Pulau Payar Marine Park delightful. Coral life is rich and it consists of both soft and hard corals. You could touch and feel coral but you should not pluck them. This tiny speck of land is the home of such incredible number of corals.

Dive Operators
A number of dive operators operate in Langkawi. Divers and snorkelers are taken from their hotels to any of the jetty, either at the main Kuah jetty or the Royal Yacht Club. Usually, the trip includes a packed lunch.

Scuba Diving in Langkawi
Pulau Segantang
Located towards the west of Pulau Payar, Pulau Segantang features rocky outcrops plunging into the sea. Nurse shark, lobsters, moral eels, barracudas and jacks are common here. The depth is 20 metres.

Pulau Kaca
Located on the eastern side of Pulau Payar, it is known for artificial reef. Scores of sunken fishing trawlers found around Pulau Kaca have created an artificial reef. Depth is about 18 meters. Abundance of fish life, mollusks and nudibranchs makes diving or snorkeling here delightful.

Grouper Farm
Situated at the southern end of Pulau Payar, the scuba diving site is home to small schools fish darting around in water. Under water, you would get mainly hard corals. The depth is 15 metres.

Hong Kong Shopping Hubs

I wrote this web page for Hong Kong section of Tourism-Asia.net in December 2006.

Shopping is a favorite pastime of Hong Kongers. Almost all visitors to Hong Kong go on a shopping binge and always leave with few extra bags. Few places in Asia can compete with Hong Kong in the field of shopping. Popular shopping centres in Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories, three regions of Hong Kong are as given:

Hong Kong Isnlad
Central District
Foremost shopping area in Hong Kong Island is Central District, which is the heart of all commercial activities in Hong Kong. It is admired for fantastic fusion of old markets and designer boutiques. Financial and banking houses throng the area, and interspersed between them are glittering malls of international standard. Most prominent among Central District shopping spots are Bonham Strand West, Hollywood Road and Cat Street. The last two are particularly famous for antique shops. High-end shopping malls like the Landmark, the Galleria, Prince's Building and IFC Mall.

Causeway Bay
This area, which is always brimming with hectic activities, is home to an array on high-end shops. Most prominent among Causeway Bay shopping spots are Windsor House and Times Square. Between them, one can discover Fashion Island, World Trade Centre, Sogo, Mitsukoshi and Causeway Bay Plaza. The region is particularly known for Hong Kong and Japanese style shopping malls and arcades.

Admirality
Two malls, Queensway Plaza and Pacific Place make the tourists head towards Admirality. Moreover, Hong Kong Island's MTR Line and the Kowloon Tsuen Wan Line are linked by Admirality stations. Moving between both shopping hubs, people tend to stop at Admiralty.

Kowloon
Mong Kok
Mong Kok is particularly good for electronic and bargain shopping. People who are fond of talking the things out of the shops should visit Mong Kok. One can easily find stuff like CDs, televisions, computer and mobile phones accessories here. Mong Kok also has some streets devoted to some particular things such as Sports Shoe Street, Women's Street, Bird's Market and Flower Market.

Tsim Sha Tsui
Most shopping in Tsim Sha Tsui is concentrated in Canton Road and Peking Road. The area is specially visited for high class fashion shops. Other than these two alleys, Ashley Road, Hankey Road, Lock Road and Haiphong Road are also famous. Apart from shopping, these areas also provide pubs and restaurants, where the visitors can soothe their frenzied nerves.

Park Lane Shopper's Boulevard is a famous entity on Nathan Road. Boulevard has 50 plus shops and to shop here is an experience to remember.

Kowloon Tong
Kowloon Tong is a major station in the local train network, and what makes it attractive for the tourists is the mall Festival Walk, which is located right above Kowloon Tong Station. The stylish, elegant mall, having more than 200 shops, is ever ready to fascinate the visitors.

New Territories
Tsing Yi
New Territories, the upcoming shopping destination in Hong Kong, has some glitzy malls. Most well-known among these is the Maritime Square. The Mall is designed as a large cruise ship, with sails and other necessary adornments. The Mall holds more than 200 shops and restaurants.